Interception by two predatory fly species is explained by a proportional navigation feedback controller
Abstract
When aiming to capture a fast-moving target, animals can follow it until they catch up, or try to intercept it. In principle, interception is the more complicated strategy, but also more energy efficient. To study whether simple feedback controllers can explain interception behaviours by animals with miniature brains, we have reconstructed and studied the predatory flights of the robber flyHolcocephala fuscaand killer flyCoenosia attenuata. Although both species catch other aerial arthropods out of the air,Holcocephalacontrasts prey against the open sky, whileCoenosiahunts against clutter and at much closer range. Thus, their solutions to this target catching task may differ significantly. We reconstructed in three dimensions the flight trajectories of these two species and those of the presented targets they were attempting to intercept. We then tested their recorded performances against simulations. We found that both species intercept targets on near time-optimal courses. To investigate the guidance laws that could underlie this behaviour, we tested three alternative control systems (pure pursuit, deviated pursuit and proportional navigation). Only proportional navigation explains the timing and magnitude of fly steering responses, but with differing gain constants and delays for each fly species.Holcocephalauses a dimensionless navigational constant ofN≈ 3 with a time delay of ≈28 ms to intercept targets over a comparatively long range. This constant is optimal, as it minimizes the control effort required to hit the target. In contrast,Coenosiauses a constant ofN≈ 1.5 with a time delay of ≈18 ms, this setting may allowCoenosiato cope with the extremely high line-of-sight rotation rates, which are due to close target proximity, and thus prevent overcompensation of steering. This is the first clear evidence of interception supported by proportional navigation in insects. This work also demonstrates how by setting different gains and delays, the same simple feedback controller can yield the necessary performance in two different environments.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Pub Defense Publication
- Publication Date
- Oct 01, 2018
- Source ID
- 10.1098/rsif.2018.0466
Entities
People
- Mary E. Sumner
- Paloma T Gonzalez-Bellido
- Samuel T Fabian
- Sergio Rossoni
- Trevor J Wardill
Organizations
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Isaac Newton Trust
- University of Cambridge
- University of Minnesota