The third group of the B7‐CD28 immune checkpoint family: HHLA2, TMIGD2, B7x, and B7‐H3
Abstract
The B7‐CD28 family of ligands and receptors play important roles in T‐cell co‐stimulation and co‐inhibition. Phylogenetically they can be divided into three groups. The recent discovery of the new molecules (B7‐H3 [CD276], B7x [B7‐H4/B7S1], and HHLA2 [B7H7/B7‐H5]/TMIGD2 [IGPR‐1/CD28H]) of the group III has expanded therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of human diseases. In this review, we describe the discovery, structure, and function of B7‐H3, B7x, HHLA2, and TMIGD2 in immune regulation. We also discuss their roles in important pathological states such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and infection. Various immunotherapeutical approaches are emerging including antagonistic monoclonal antibodies and agonistic fusion proteins to inhibit or potentiate these molecules and pathways in cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Pub Defense Publication
- Publication Date
- Mar 01, 2017
- Source ID
- 10.1111/imr.12521
Entities
People
- Aimin Zhao
- Mark P. Schoenberg
- Murali Janakiram
- Urvi A. Shah
- Weifeng Liu
- Xingxing Zang
Organizations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- National Institutes of Health
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- United States Army Materiel Command