WATER REQUIREMENTS OF THE FLUSH TOILET AND ALTERNATIVE SANITATION SYSTEMS FOR EMERGENCY SHELTERS. A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE.
Abstract
This report is concerned with the partial determination and prediction of suitable water requirements for sanitation in Civil Defense shelters. The objectives of the study were: (1) To search professional and technical literature, foreign and domestic, for concepts, experience, and technology pertinent to the minimum water requirements and possible alternatives to the standard flush toilet; and (2) to suggest areas of feasible investigation for further development of shelter waste disposal systems, processes, and devices. The parameters affecting flush toilet water requirements were analyzed, experimental studies altering these parameters were reviewed, and water requirements for existing systems were presented. Basic problems and desirable characteristics affecting proper selection of waste disposal systems for shelters were discussed and feasible existing system alternatives were analyzed and comparisons made. Some principal conclusions derived are as follows: (1) Minimum water requirements for flush toilet systems vary according to type of device used and characteristics of installation. (2) An average value of 3.8 gal/flush is suggested for American flushing devices. (3) Procedures to minimize the water usage of existing flush toilet facilities will require further investigation. (4) No program of experimental work seems hopeful of producing results not already predictable. (5) Any practical alternative must be one which can be stored in shelter areas for long periods and remain in workable condition. Dual-purpose containers and hand-operated pumps along with a newly developed hand-operated recirculating system seem most promising. (Author)
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Jul 31, 1967
- Accession Number
- AD0828681
Entities
People
- Raymond D. Caughron
- Yan-tan Chung
Organizations
- University of California, Berkeley