Investigating Lifecycle Costs of Optimized Battery-Photovoltaic Systems on a Forward Operating Base
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the total life-cycle cost of using utility-scale battery systems to increase the energy efficiency of forward operating bases, thereby reducing the burden of diesel fuel logistics. The first model used determines an optimal size and area for a VRFB, Li-Ion, or Lead-acid battery system, combined with a PV array, over 5, 10, and 20 years. The second model integrates transportation costs, operations and maintenance, and salvage values. Then the cost is normalized using an equivalent annual cost (EAC). With a 20-year life-cycle, Li-Ion and VRFB were the most cost-effective option with and EAC of $24.1M per year and $24.8M per year, respectively. When excluding salvage value from the total cost, both systems cost $25.2M per year and $25.7M per year, respectively. Lead-acid costs for 20 years were $28.4M per year. A breakdown of all costs associated with the final value of each battery system is included in the results. Recommendations on implementation of a battery-photovoltaic system on a forward operating base are discussed. Shortfalls of each technology are also discussed.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Mar 26, 2020
- Accession Number
- AD1102473
Entities
People
- Neal S. Fennell
Organizations
- Air Force Institute of Technology