Theater-Level Logistics: A Structured Comparison of Allied Port Operations in Northern Europe During World War II
Abstract
This monograph argues that, at the theater-level, logistical planners must anticipate forward movement. This research uses three elements of operational art - operational reach, tempo, and culmination - to assess a concept of anticipation of movement. Using historical case studies, this research examines the concept of anticipation in terms of planning and execution during two phases of port openings during the Allied advance in the ETO during WWII. The first phase covers the port opening in France from the invasion of Normandy (6 June 1944) to the opening of Antwerp (28 Nov 1944). The second phase picks up from the opening of Antwerp to the end of the conflict in Europe (7 May 1945). The goal of this examination of anticipation is to better understand the effects of logistical planners' ability to anticipate delays, limitations to movement, and loss of momentum and thereby to extend operational reach, increase tempo, and prevent culmination of movement. Though this monograph's three hypotheses had mixed results, it revealed important lessons, including the importance of both meticulous planning and on-the-ground flexibility. In both cases studied, when planners anticipated changes, planned for delays, and made modifications, these actions resulted in forward movement and, ultimately, the Allied success in WWII.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- May 21, 2020
- Accession Number
- AD1159103
Entities
People
- Steven R. Hawkins
Organizations
- United States Army Command and General Staff College