Development and Validation of a Mathematical Model to Simulate Human Cardiovascular and Respiratory Response to Battlefield Trauma
Abstract
Mathematical models of human cardiovascular and respiratory systems provide a viable alternative to generate synthetic data to train artificial intelligence (AI) clinical decision-support systems and assess closed-loop control technologies, for military medical applications. However, existing models are either complex, standalone systems that lack the interface to other applications or fail to capture the essential features of the physiological responses to the major causes of battlefield trauma (i.e., hemorrhage and airway compromise). To address these limitations, we developed the cardio-respiratory (CR) model by expanding and integrating two previously published models of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. We compared the vital signs predicted by the CR model with those from three models, using experimental data from 27 subjects in five studies, involving hemorrhage, fluid resuscitation, and respiratory perturbations. Overall, the CR model yielded relatively small root mean square errors (RMSEs) for mean arterial pressure (MAP; 20.88 mm Hg), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2; 3.50 mm Hg), O2 saturation (SpO2; 3.40 percent), and arterial O2 pressure (PaO2; 10.06 mm Hg), but a relatively large RMSE for heart rate (HR; 70.23 beats/min). In addition, the RMSEs for the CR model were 3 percent to 10 percent smaller than the three other models for HR, 11 percent to 15 percent for ETCO2, 0 percent to 33 percent for SpO2, and 10 percent to 64 percent for PaO2, while they were similar for MAP. In conclusion, the CR model balances simplicity and accuracy, while qualitatively and quantitatively capturing human physiological responses to battlefield trauma, supporting its use to train and assess emerging AI and control systems.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Jan 02, 2023
- Accession Number
- AD1195499
Entities
People
- Anders Wallqvist
- Jaques Reifman
- S. Laxminarayan
- Sridevi Nagaraja
- Xin Jin