A Critical Review of Alternatives Assessments of Fluorine Free Alternatives to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film- Forming Foams

Abstract

The objective of this study was to support the informed substitution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film forming forms (AFFF) by understanding the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives assessments conducted to date. Evaluations of alternatives were required to meet four criteria to be considered an alternatives assessment and included in this review: (1) evaluates commercially available alternatives; (2) evaluates hazard, cost and performance attributes (exposure and life cycle attributes optional); (3) uses standardized assessment criteria to systematically evaluate and compare alternatives to the incumbent and (4) includes fluorine-free alternatives and the incumbent product (AFFF)/chemical of concern. Existing alternatives assessments were reviewed against two seminal alternatives assessment frameworks: (1) the US National Research Councils (NRC), A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives (2014) and (2) the Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouses (IC2) Alternatives Assessment Guide Version 1.1 (2017).

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Document Details

Document Type
Technical Report
Publication Date
Feb 28, 2022
Accession Number
AD1217179

Entities

People

  • Joel Tickner
  • Molly Jacobs

Organizations

  • University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tags

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  • Case Studies
  • Chemistry
  • Climate Change
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  • Environment
  • Environmental Health
  • Environmental Protection
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  • Fire Fighting
  • Health Services
  • Law
  • Life Cycles
  • National Security
  • Performance Tests
  • Test And Evaluation
  • United States

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