Frequency Standards for Communications
Abstract
The fundamentals of quartz and atomic frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, atomic oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristics and limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO), oven-controlled crystals oscillators (OCXO), rubidium frequency standards, cesium beam frequency standards and hydrogen masers. The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among the various effects. Guidelines are provided for oscillator comparison and selection. A discussion of time transfer techniques, and specifications are also included, as are references and suggestions for further reading.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Jan 01, 1991
- Accession Number
- ADA231990
Entities
People
- John R. Vig
- Samuel R. Stein