A Smaller, More Lethal Force: Operational Art By an Outnumbered Army,
Abstract
This monograph looks at operational art practiced by an outnumbered force. Specifically, the research question is: How have outnumbered armies designed and executed successful campaigns? Simply stated, this study looks at how outnumbered forces achieve ENDS through WAYS with limited MEANS. The criteria used to analyze campaigns of an outnumbered force come from the Clausewitzian theory of war. The concepts used are center of gravity, decisive points, attack and defense, and simultaneous and sequential operations. These concepts are discussed in order for the reader to better understand their influence on campaign design. The Israeli Army campaigns of 1967 and 1973 serve as historical examples. Both cases illustrate a force that fought outnumbered and won. These two campaigns provide a contrast in campaign planning. Israel won in both wars, although the sphere of her victories differed. This paper concludes that an outnumbered force can win a war against a larger enemy. Nevertheless, this force needs excellence in all facets of war, from strategic guidance to tactical execution. The small force must also recognize the elements of operational art in campaign design, thus ensuring effective use of the limited means available.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- May 01, 1991
- Accession Number
- ADA240339
Entities
People
- James E. Zanol
Organizations
- United States Army Command and General Staff College