The Effect of Combat Traumatic Brain Injury on Executive Function
Abstract
On September 11, 2001, the world changed in ways not fully appreciated at the time. Dozens of terrorist attacks and bombings on civilian targets had been experienced in many countries in the second half of the 20th Century, including several in Europe (Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom; the Red Army Faction (RAF) in Germany; the Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) in Spain; and the Algerian Islamist Movement (MIA) in France). Some non-European countries had been targets for ongoing terrorism for decades due to fundamental religious differences, especially Israel. And even the United States had experienced two major domestic terrorist attacks in the 1990s; the World Trade Center (1993) bombing that killed 6 and injured at least 1,040 others, and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995) that killed 168 and injured 680 others. However, there had never been an attack planned and carried out by terrorists trained in another country against civilians in the U.S. that resulted in such an enormous loss of life (2,992 dead or missing) in one coordinated series of events. What also made this attack unique was the scope of the damage done in less than one hour by only 19 terrorists, based on careful and creative planning and a commitment to a religious belief in their cause. 'Nine-eleven' became the worldwide expression for a new form of international terrorism that set the stage for a massive investment of U.S. resources in a conflict unlike anything seen before.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Mar 01, 2011
- Accession Number
- ADA556575
Entities
People
- Inge Guen
Organizations
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center