Thermo-Physiological Responses of Sailors in a Disabled Submarine with Interior Cabin Temperature and Humidity Slowly Rising as Predicted by Computer Simulation Techniques
Abstract
U.S Navy submarines rarely become disabled. The first disablement and loss occurred in 1914 when leaking battery acid in USS F-4 corroded hull rivets that caused progressive flooding, chlorine off gassing, loss of depth control and eventual catastrophic hull failure. Then, after another accident in 1927 when the U.S. Submarine S-4 became disabled and was lost with all hands, rescue procedure planning, equipment and training have continuously been undergoing improvement. As a result, 12 years later, in 1939 off the shore of Portsmouth, N.H. Sailors were successfully rescued from the USS Squalus, which quickly sank after a rear compartment flooded (Stewart, 2008). The disabled Squalus was located on the sea floor at a depth of 240 ft in 29 F (-1.7 C) water, a rescue ship with a diving chamber came to the site and the 33 crew in the non-flooded compartments were transferred to the surface within 40 hours via 4 trips of the diving chamber. A major thermal hazard in such a disabling has been the threat of hypothermia from the environment caused by cold ocean water while waiting the sub s rescue (Castellani et al., 2005).
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Sep 01, 2013
- Accession Number
- ADA587308
Entities
People
- Adam W Potter
- Larry G. Berglund
- Miyo Yokota
Organizations
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine