Dakin Solution Alters Macrophage Viability and Function
Abstract
Background: Macrophages are important in wound defense and healing. Dakin s solution (DS), buffered sodium hypochlorite, has been used since World War I as a topical antimi crobial for wound care. DS has been shown to be toxic to host cells, but effects on immune cells are not well documented. Materials and methods: DS at 0.5%, 0.125%, and ten fold serial dilutions from 0.25% 0.00025% were evaluated for cellular toxicity on murine macrophages (J774A.1). The effect of DS on macrophage adhesion, phagocytosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species was examined. Macrophage polarization following DS exposure was determined by gene expression using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Concentrations of DS >0.0025% reduced macrophage viability to <5% in exposure times as short as 30 s. Similarly, phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeru ginosa, and Aspergillus flavus were significantly reduced at all tested concentrations by macrophages pretreated with DS. H2O2 production was reduced by 8% 38% following treatment with 0.00025% 0.125% DS. Macrophage adherence was significantly increased with >0.0025% DS after 15 min of exposure compared with controls. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that DS exposure resulted in classical macro phage activation, with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2, inter feron g, and interleukin (IL) 1b. Conclusions: DS at clinically used concentrations (0.025% 0.25%) was detrimental to macrophage survival and function. For optimal clinical use, understanding the impact of DS on macrophages is important as depletion may result in impaired pathogen clearance and delayed healing. These findings indicate that 0.00025% DS is a safe starting dose; however, optimal use of DS requires further validation with in vivo models.
Document Details
- Document Type
- Technical Report
- Publication Date
- Jul 18, 2014
- Accession Number
- ADA614491
Entities
People
- Anthony P. Cardile
- Brady J. Hurtgen
- Carlos J. Sanchez Jr.
- Clinton K. Murray
- Desiree R. Romano
- Joseph C Wenke
- Kevin Skevin Akers
- Sharanda K. Hardy
Organizations
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research