Molecular Responses to High Altitude Exposures and Pathway Modulation by Dietary Interventions
Abstract
High altitude-induced hypobaric hypoxia triggers a series of physiological responses which are highly variable in humans. In most cases, these responses assist the individuals in tolerating and adapting to high altitude conditions. However, in other cases, they lead to individuals experiencing mild or severe acute mountain sickness (AMS). Non-acclimatized AMS susceptible individuals usually develop AMS symptoms within 6-12 hr after a rapid ascent and exposure to high altitudes of ≥ 2,500 m.a.s.l. Individuals exhibit mild to significant debilitating symptoms, but most resolve after 3 to 5 days of altitude exposure. It is not clear if males and females are equally susceptible to experiencing AMS as reported data is conflicting on this point. Besides a known history of AMS, there are no clinical and routine laboratory examinations that can be performed to determine who is susceptible to experiencing AMS. The molecular mechanisms of the occurrence of AMS and resistance to high altitude- induced illness are not well understood. Currently, the prevention of AMS incidents involves the use of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions. Pharmaceutical prophylaxis involves the administration of medications that have limitations and side effects. Non-pharmaceutical approaches include pre-acclimatization by ascending and spending time at moderate altitude before heading to targeted high elevation. While the pre-acclimatization strategy may carry benefits of reducing AMS incidences, its implementation may be difficult for personnel who, due to short timelines, may not have adequate time for pre-acclimatization and adaptation to altitude conditions. This could lead to a significant decrease in physical performance and cognitive degradation. The solution for this scenario is the ability to predict individuals that are at risk of developing AMS and spare them from assignments at high altitudes or subject them to adequate pre-acclimatization sessions prior to their high-altitude missions. For those shown to be AMS susceptible, diet supplements may provide appropriate support to alleviate or eliminate AMS symptoms, however the molecular mechanism by which these supplements act is still unknown.
Document Details
- Document Type
- DoD Grant Award
- Publication Date
- Feb 06, 2025
- Source ID
- FA95502410186
Entities
People
- Claudio Allard
Organizations
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- United States Air Force